Part-time or full-time teleworking? A systematic review of the psychosocial risk factors of telework from home.

Introduction: Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic thousands of people have experienced teleworking and this practice is becoming increasingly commonplace. This review aims to highlight the differences in exposure to psychosocial risk factors for health between part-time and full-time teleworking from home. Methods: The protocol of the systematic review of the literature was registered on PROSPERO 2020 platform according to the PRISMA statement guidelines. The key words "telework" and "frequency" ("part-time" or "full-time"), together with their synonyms and variations, were searched. Independent researchers conducted the systematic search of 7 databases: Scopus, SciELO, PePSIC; PsycInfo, PubMed, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA) and Web of Science. Of the 638 articles identified from 2010 to June 2021, 32 were selected for data extraction. The authors evaluated the risk of bias and quality of evidence of the studies included using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Main themes categorized include 7 dimensions of psychosocial risk factors: work intensity and working hours; emotional demands; autonomy; social relationships at work; conflict of values, work insecurity and home/work interface. Results: The results revealed scant practice of full-time teleworking prior to the pandemic. Regarding the psychosocial risk factors found, differences were evident before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. For part-time and full-time telework prior to the pandemic, the dimensions of intensification of work and working hours, social relationships at work, and the home-work interface were the most prominent factors. However, studies performed during the COVID-19 pandemic where teleworking was mostly performed full-time, there was an increase in focus on emotional demands and the home-work interface, and a reduction in the other dimensions. Discussion: Full-time telework brings important changes in working conditions and has the potential to affect living and health conditions of teleworkers. Part-time teleworking may have positive impact on psychosocial risk factors, favoring work-home balance, communication, and social relationships. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=191455, PROSPERO 2020 CRD4202019 1455.

A ponta do iceberg: o teletrabalho durante a pandemia / The tip of the iceberg: telework during the pandemic

Resumo A pandemia do novo coronavírus levou o trabalho para a residência de milhares de trabalhadores no mundo, de maneira compulsória. Portanto, este ensaio objetiva evidenciar os fatores psicossociais de riscos à saúde e o panorama do teletrabalho no primeiro ano da pandemia de covid-19 e, neste contexto, analisar a política do teletrabalho no Brasil. Apresentamos os diferentes conceitos do teletrabalho e discutimos sobre como não é uma modalidade ausente de riscos. Fatores psicossociais, como o isolamento social e profissional, a intensificação do trabalho e sobreposição de atividades profissionais e familiares são alguns dos destacados na literatura. A partir de dados secundários obtidos da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios e análises do Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada durante a pandemia, revelou-se um panorama de desigualdade no perfil daqueles que tem acesso ao teletrabalho, além da acentuação das diferenças regionais. Por fim, identificamos um descompasso entre a regulamentação do teletrabalho e as necessidades dos trabalhadores, impactadas pela pandemia de covid-19. Assim, é necessária a elaboração, reformulação e implementação de políticas, visando garantir os direitos e saúde dos teletrabalhadores.

Abstract The new coronavirus pandemic compulsorily brought work into the homes of thousands of workers worldwide. Therefore, this essay aims to highlight the psychosocial factors of health risks and telework's panorama in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic and, in this context, to analyze the telework policy in Brazil. We presented the different concepts of telework and discuss how and why it is not a risk-free modality. The literature highlights psychosocial factors, such as social and professional isolation, work intensification and overlapping of professional and family activities. Secondary data obtained from the National Household Sample Survey and analyses by the Institute of Applied Economic Research during the pandemic revealed a panorama of inequality in the profile of those who have access to telework, in addition to the accentuation of regional differences. Finally, we identified a mismatch between the regulation of telework and the workers' needs, impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, it is necessary to elaborate, reformulate and implement policies, aiming to guarantee the rights and health of teleworkers.

Teletrabalho: o novo lócus de trabalho pós-pandêmico?: uma perspectiva transnacional da política e o caso da implementação na Justiça Federal Brasileira antes e durante a pandemia de covid-19? / Telework: the new post-pandemic locus of work?: a transnational perspective of politics and the case of implementation in the Brazilian Federal Justice before and during the covid-19 pandemic

O teletrabalho é um problema complexo que demanda um olhar multidisciplinar para compreender e discutir o seu futuro frente à realidade. Esta tese objetivou analisar o teletrabalho do ponto de vista da regulamentação nacional e internacional, da saúde do trabalhador e da implementação na Justiça Federal Brasileira por meio de um estudo de caso de uma Seção Judiciária. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa que compreendeu uma revisão sistemática, análises documentais e um estudo de caso. Para análise das políticas foram utilizadas fontes primárias (leis, políticas e documentos institucionais) e dados secundários da pesquisa nacional de amostra de domicílios PNAD-covid-19. Para o estudo de caso de uma seção da Justiça Federal foram utilizados documentos institucionais e entrevistas. Foram realizadas 32 entrevistas individuais com roteiro aberto, explorando vários temas ligados ao teletrabalho, em profundidade. Os dados foram analisados por meio de codificação temática com auxílio do software MAXQDA 2022. Foram realizadas 13 entrevistas antes (2019) e 19 durante a pandemia de covid-19 (2020-2021). A discussão foi baseada na perspectiva do campo teórico da saúde do trabalhador, principalmente da ergonomia da atividade. A revisão sistemática evidenciou fatores psicossociais de risco que se mostraram diferentes antes e durante a pandemia de covid-19. No teletrabalho parcial e total antecedentes à pandemia destacaram-se os fatores de intensificação de trabalho e tempos de trabalho, das relações sociais no trabalho e da interface casa-trabalho. No entanto, nas pesquisas realizadas durante a pandemia de covid-19 onde o teletrabalho foi total, intensificaram-se as exigências emocionais e a interface casa-trabalho, com redução das outras dimensões. A partir da análise da política transnacional observamos que o teletrabalho tem se desenvolvido consideravelmente na Europa com muitos níveis de regulação. Já no Mercosul parece haver um descompasso entre a norma e a regulação. No Brasil, apesar de um pequeno avanço na política pública durante a pandemia, essa ainda é insuficiente para proteger a saúde e levar maior segurança aos teletrabalhadores. A partir da percepção dos trabalhadores da Justiça Federal foram identificadas diferenças na implementação da política de teletrabalho antes e durante a pandemia de covid-19. O teletrabalho depois da pandemia deixou de ser visto como um privilégio. Evidenciou-se a sobrecarga de trabalho e a intensificação associada à gestão baseada em metas. Os gestores demonstraram-se mais satisfeitos com a implementação do teletrabalho parcial do que total, antes da pandemia. Durante a pandemia, a saúde está associada às condições de trabalho e conciliação com as tarefas domésticas e de trabalho. O teletrabalho impactou mais as mulheres, sendo que os dois espaços - público e privado - fundiram-se e confundiram-se. Portanto, diante do novo lócus de trabalho, o teletrabalho impõe redesenhar as temporalidades do trabalho e a vida nos locais de trabalho. Esse redesenho precisa ser acompanhado por políticas púbicas de proteção à saúde do trabalhador e que abordem as responsabilidades de cuidado e igualdade de gênero.

Telework has created new and complex challenges, which demand a multidisciplinary approach to discuss its future in the face of reality. This doctoral thesis aims to analyze telework from the point of view of national and international regulations, the workers' health and the implementation in the Brazilian Federal Justice through a case study of a Federal Regional Court. This is a qualitative research that comprises a systematic review, documentary analysis and a case study. Primary sources (laws, policies and institutional documents) and secondary data from the national household sample survey - PNAD-covid-19 were used for policy analysis. For the case study, a section of the Judiciary Federal Court, institutional documents and interviews were used. Individual interviews (32) were carried out with open questions, it explored in depth various topics related to telework. The data was analyzed by means of thematic coding with the aid of the software MAXQDA 2022. A total of 13 interviews were conducted before (2019) and 19 interviews were carried out during the covid-19 pandemic (2020-2021). The discussion was based in the perspective of the theoretical field of worker's health, especially ergonomics of activity. The systematic review highlighted psychosocial risk factors that were different before and during the covid-19 pandemic. The results showed that work intensification factors, the increasing amount of effort an employee must invest during the working day that oftentimes results from increased pressure and other societal changes also working times, social relations at work and the home-work interface stood out. Data collection carried out during the covid-19 pandemic showed that the emotional demands and home-work interface intensified, with a reduction of other dimensions. From the analysis of the transnational policy, we observed that telework has developed considerably in Europe with many levels of regulation. In Mercosur, however, there seems to be a mismatch between the norm and regulation. In Brazil, despite a small advance in public policy during the pandemic, it is still insufficient to protect health and bring greater security to teleworkers. From the perception of Judiciary Court workers, differences were identified in the implementation of the telework policy before and during the pandemic of covid-19. Telework after the pandemic is no longer seen as a privilege. There was a evidence of work overload and an intensification of associated with a management based on goals. Before the pandemic the managers were more satisfied with the implementation of partial rather than full time teleworking. During the pandemic, health perception was associated with working conditions and conciliation with domestic and work tasks. Telework had a greater impact on women, and the two spaces public and private which merged. Therefore, in the face of the new work locus, telework imposes a redesign of the temporalities of work life balance in the workplace. This redesign need to be accompanied by public policies that protect workers' health and address the responsibilities of care and gender equality.

A justiça não pode parar?! Os impactos da COVID-19 na trajetória da política de teletrabalho do Judiciário Federal / Can't justice stop?! The COVID-19 impact on the Brazilian Federal Judiciary teleworking policy

Resumo Introdução: o teletrabalho tornou-se um recurso necessário diante da crise de emergência em saúde pública causada pelo novo Coronavírus (Sars-CoV-2). Objetivo: analisar a trajetória da regulamentação do teletrabalho no Setor Judiciário Federal e como foi impactada pela pandemia da COVID-19. Métodos: estudo descritivo com base em resoluções que regulamentaram o teletrabalho na Justiça Federal. Resultados: o teletrabalho foi iniciado no Judiciário Federal em 2013, quando o Tribunal da 4ª Região publicou a primeira resolução a respeito. Em 2016, o Conselho Nacional de Justiça o regulamentou nacionalmente e cada Tribunal emitiu normativas complementares. Diante da pandemia, para não paralisar suas atividades devido ao isolamento e ao distanciamento social, o Judiciário Federal rapidamente estabeleceu o teletrabalho integral e compulsório a todos os magistrados, servidores e estagiários, porém com a adoção de diferentes metas e ações pelos tribunais. Aspectos ambientais, individuais e familiares, da organização e da natureza do trabalho devem ser observados na implementação do teletrabalho. Conclusão: os resultados sugerem que os desafios da realização do teletrabalho durante a crise devem contribuir para análise e aperfeiçoamento das normas, metas e políticas públicas vigentes em teletrabalho no Judiciário e nos demais setores, assim como para o entendimento e prevenção dos seus impactos à saúde dos trabalhadores e trabalhadoras.

Abstract Introduction: working remotely has become a necessary resource in face of the public health emergency crisis caused by the new Coronavirus (Sars-CoV-2). Objective: to analyze the trajectory of remote working regulation in the Brazilian Federal Judiciary and how the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak affected that process. Methods: descriptive study based on the federal judiciary teleworking regulations. Results: the federal judicial system started to adopt teleworking in 2013, when the Forth Region Court published the first resolution on this topic. In 2016, the National Council of Justice regulated it nationally and each Court issued additional regulations. Due to the pandemic and aiming at keeping its activities during lockdown and social distancing measures, the Federal Judiciary quickly established full and compulsory remote working to all magistrates, civil workers and trainees. However, each court adopted different goals and took distinct actions. Individual and family aspects, as well as work environment, organization and nature were considered for the teleworking implementation. Conclusion: the results suggest that the challenges of remote working during the pandemic crisis should contribute to the analysis and improvement of current regulations, goals and public policies, whether in the Judiciary or in all other sectors, as well as to understand and prevent their impacts on workers' health.

Musculoskeletal symptoms in workers of a Telecom Company.

Millions of people work with computers every day. Human work provides a means of comfort and ease to perform the tasks, favoring incorrect postures. Among the employees of a telecom company, it appears that all make use of computer, remaining in a seated position leading in musculoskeletal symptoms. METHOD: This is a quantitative study, conducted in a telecom company in the city of Curitiba. Were interviewed 27 analysts who work in engineering department, who agreed to participate and receive guidelines regarding sitting posture. This study, consisted of a structured questionnaire and the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire with musculoskeletal symptoms indicators. After answering the questionnaire, the subjects were guided through the folder on correct posture and positioning front the computer. RESULTS AND FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: Of employees 74% were male, and 100% of the employees are the computer's user, remaining in the sitting posture during working day. Concerning the break time, 74% reported that they frequently do it. Been the average working day is 8 hours. Regarding the frequency of musculoskeletal symptoms, 70% of employees reported some symptoms during the last 12 months but only one came to be sick leave. It is necessary to an analysis of the work situation, evaluating and correcting inadequacies of securities and the risks inherent in function, making prevention.